Electronics Fab Lecture Outline
Given by Joe Paradiso (joep@media.mit.edu; 1 Cambridge Ctr, 5 FL)
Adapted from 2002, 2003 lectures
Last Update: December 18, 2003
Contents
- Introduction, Analogies
- Objectives
- Handy Books and Reference
- Basic Components
- Integrated Circuits
- How to Prototype
- Misc. Tips
Learning to speak French by walking into a cafe and ordering a meal
- Feeling for basic analog and digital circuitry
- Some discretes, OpAmps, simple logic (TTL/CMOS)
- Some handy circuits
- Concepts in basic signal conditioning
- Little bit of hands-on prototyping
- Avoid getting into the most common trouble
- "Reflexive" habits (bypass caps, etc.)
- Know some things to look out for when it doesn't work...
- No real RF or HF stuff (& associated black arts) covered in this lecture
Books:
- Art of Electronics (Horowitz and Hill)
- The OpAmp Cookbook (Walter K. Jung)
- Active-Filter Cookbook (Don Lancaster)
- CMOS Cookbook (Don Lancaster)
- TTL Cookbook (Don Lancaster)
- The IC Timer Cookbook (Walter K. Jung) [O/P]
- Audio IC OpAmp Applications (Walter K. Jung) [O/P]
Magazines:
- Circuit Cellar INK
- Nuts & Volts, Popular Electronics...
- Electronic Design, EDN, NASA Tech Briefs...
Component and Corporate Resources:
Web searches (a few out of many vendors):
Personal, info sites, like:
Vendors (some examples):
Basic Quantities; Voltage, current, power, AC/DC
Passive Components:
Thru-Hole and surface-mount
Function:
- Turn current into voltage
- Limit current
- Combine/Weight signals
- Set time constants, damping, etc.
Color code (same order as ribbon cable colors):
(0-9 = black,brown,red,orange,yellow,green,blue,purple,gray,white)
Tolerances:
(silver = 10%, gold = 5%, red = 2%, brown = 1%)
Power Ratings:
(1 W, 1/2W, 1/4W, 1/8W)
Ohm's Law:
I = V/R
Voltage Divider:
V1 = R1/(R1+R2)
Resistor Combinations:
Series ( R = R1 + R2 + R3 +…)
Parallel ( R = 1/(1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + …)
Potentiometer, trimpots
Function:
- Structure, energy in electric field
- impedance [|z| = 1/(2p fC)]; differentiate - pass AC, block DC
Types:
- Glass, polystyrene, mica, polypropylene, mylar, ceramic, electrolytic, tantalum, supercap
Some Defining Characteristics:
- Voltage capacity
- DC leakage
- Voltage dependence
- Hysteresis (memory)
- Series inductance
- High frequency performance
Electrolytic ratings: polarity
Role of bypass capacitors (typically 0.1 uF)
Capacitor Combinations:
Series (C = 1/(1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3 + …)
Parallel (C = C1 + C2 + C3 + …)
Passive RC filters:
Cutoff frequency= 1/(2pRC), 6 dB/octave, 45° phase @ 3 dB
- Structure (PN), voltage drop, functions
- Zeners
- Peak Detector circuits
- Bridge (full-wave) rectifiers
- LEDs
Structure, energy in magnetic field
Low Frequency usage not very common...
Inductor Combinations:
Series (L = L1 + L2 + L3 + …)
Parallel L = 1/(1/L1 + 1/L2 + 1/L3 + …)
Impedance
(|z| = f L/2p); integrates - tends to pass DC, block AC
Filters (analogous to RC, but now highpass…)
Parallel LC; z goes to infinity at f = 1/(2p sqrt(LC)); bandpass
Series LC; z goes to zero at f = 1/(2p sqrt(LC)); notch, pumping
Vsec = (Nsec/Npri) Vpri
Step up (Nsec > Npri)
Step down (Npri > Nsec)
Impedance conversion ( Z-eff[pri] = (Npri/Nsec)2 Zsec )
Isolation
- Ideal model
- Comparators
- Hysteresis
- Follower/Buffer
- Non-inverting w. gain
- Inverting amplifier
- Transresistance (C-V)
- Summer
- Clamping with diode
- Differential amplifier and instrumentation amplifier
- Differentiator, High Pass active filter
- Integrator, Low Pass active filter
- Single supply operation - biasing
- Sallen-key (VCVS, multiple feedback) second order active filter
- Bandpass filter (Sallen-key, State Variable)
- Switched capacitor filters, VCF's
Types of OpAmps
- Packages (single, dual, quad)
- Specs
- Voltage, current, R-R
- Speed, Gain/bandwidth trade
- High Impedance, JFET, CMOS
- Noise (current, voltage)
- Compensation...
Some examples:
- Ancient: 741
- Garden variety, out to 200 Khz; not bad for audio either (LF351, TLO81/2/4, OP482/4
- A little better: AD711/712/713
- Generic, single supply (pulls to ground) LM324 (quad)
- Low Power: TLO6x, CMOS: TLC271 series (programmable power), CA3130, CA3140
- Low Power, low V, R-R (often CMOS): LPC661IN (National), MAX494 series, OP491, TLC2274 series
- simalar, but a bit faster: OP462 series
- Low voltage, R-R, moderate power, good speed: MAX474/475
- Good DC performance (low drift): LM308, OP297/497, OP27
- Low noise, Stiff drivers (600 Ohm audio lines), standard in audio: NE5532/5534, TLE2082 series
- Low voltage noise: AD743, AD745, AD797 (this one is touchy...)!
- Fast OpAmps: LM318, AD817 (video; nice and stable), AD829 (low noise video)
- Differential video amps/drivers (not really OpAmps): LM733, NE529 (stability woes... very fast and cheap)
- Comparators (not really OpAmps either...): LM311, LM339 (quad; single supply), CA3290 (CMOS)
- Instrumentation amplifiers (" "): Burr Brown INA series, AnalogD's AMP01 (low noise), AD623 (low V, R-R)
OpAmp Variants:
- Norton Amplifiers (CDA's): e.g., LM3900
- Current-Feedback Amplifiers: e.g., National Comlinear series
- Programmable Gain Amplifiers (PGA's): e.g., AD8320, OPA675, OPA676
Device introductions, ic = b ibe id = gm vgs
Examples:
- 2N2904 (NPN low power), 2N3906 (" "), Ic around 100 mA
- MPF102 (N-FET)
- VN2222L (low power MOSFET), VN1302N3 (fast LP MOSFET), SuperTex fast power MOSFETs
- TIP31 (NPN med. power), TIP32 (PNP med. power)
- 2N3055 (NPN power), MJE2955 (PNP power)
Look for VCEO, Ic, Beta, ft specs
Emitter Follower and source follower, the Darlington pair Arrays, e.g., ULN2001,2003,2003,2004
Grounded emitter, switch
Notion of biasing for linear operation
High current buffer stages
The power transistor & its offspring
Packages, heat sinks, ratings
Driving lamps, inductive loads, lightbulbs, LED's
Push-Pull drivers
With and without crossover distortion (biasing)
Linearized with feedback around OpAmp
Power OpAmps; e.g. Burr Brown series (OPA663 [80 mA] thru OPA512 [15 A]), APEX
Opposing Differential Drive Stages
- Push/Pull (linear drive)
- H-Bridge (e.g., LMD18200)
- Steppers
- The dimmer switch
- Power supply regulators
- Series regulators (78xx, 79xx)
- Low dropout regulators (e.g., MAX883)
- Switching regulators, up & down DC/DC converters (e.g., MAX639 series)
Define a logic signal
Families: TTL, CMOS, HC, F, ECL
- Essential gates (NAND, NOR, XOR)
- FlipFlops, Latches
- Counters
- Data selectors, multiplexers, demultiplexers
- Switches
- Special Circuits
- See Maxim, Analog Devices, Burr Brown, Linear Technologies, etc. listings
- 555/556 timers
- 8038, 566, XR2206 VCO
- Sample/Holds (LF398, AD682/684 [fast, integral cap])
- Analog switches (DG201 series from Analog, LF13201 series from National)
- Operational Transconductance Multipliers (OTA's): CA3080, LM13700
- Barry Gilbert's XAMP (AD600, AD603)
- Multipliers (AD633)
- Log amplifiers, nonlinear functions
- Audio Power Amplifiers, LM386
- Protoboard basics, wiring it up
- Power supply connections and care thereof
- The short circuit...
- Power supply ratings
- What is an oscilloscope and how to start using it
- The Digital Voltmeter
- Instinctive troubleshooting
- Check chips/heat, voltages, oscillations, glitches from no filtercaps or too fast a response
- Don't put your face near the chips at first turn on until you make sure there's no burning component!
- Remember to design using bypass capacitors