<br> [MAS.865](../..) &gt; [Path Planning](..) &gt; Swarf Milling ## Swarf Milling <div style="margin-left:2.5%"> ![Illustration of different types of tool angles](tool-angle.jpg) ![Grazing curve for surface approximation](grazing-curve.png) Various different angle approaches exist. The extreme cases are illustrated above: * **End milling** where the contact point is a the center of the tool end * **Sweep milling** where the contact point is at the periphery of the tool end * **Flank** (aka **swaft**, **side**, **peripheral**) **milling** where the contact region consists of the whole flank side ### Examples * [MasterCam Swarf Milling](https://youtu.be/gDHuHBNOnyI?t=208) * [Swarf 5-axis milling](http://help.autodesk.com/view/fusion360/ENU/?guid=GUID-6953FDC8-4E7F-46D7-BDD5-28BB0D648755) ### Ruled Planning ![Ruled surface building illustration](ruled1.jpg) ![Saddle surface illustration](ruled2.png) One standard idea for swarf path planning is to approximate the surface as a [ruled surface](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruled_surface). A surface S is ruled, if for which every surface point P, P is contained by a line that lies on the surface S. Given a ruled surface, swarf planning then consists of following the side parameterization and changing the orientation correspondingly (provided the tool is long enough and does not collide). See * [Ruled Free Forms](https://www.dmg.tuwien.ac.at/geom/ig/publications/oldpub/2012/ruledfreeforms/index.html) * [Ruled Surfaces for Rationalization and Design in Architecture](https://www.dmg.tuwien.ac.at/geom/ig/publications/oldpub/2010/ruled10/ruled10.html) as well as the following review: [5-axis flank milling: A state-of-the-art review](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010448512001728) * [Optimizing tool orientations for 5-axis machining by configuration-space search method](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010448502000775), Computer-Aided Design 2003 * [5-axis machining of sculptured surfaces with a flat-end cutter](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/001044859490040X), Computer-Aided Design 1994 ### Piecewise Approximation * [5-Axis Freeform Surface Milling Using Piecewise Ruled Surface Approximation](http://manufacturingscience.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/article.aspx?articleid=1433347), Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 1997 * [Making Papercraft Toys from Meshes using Strip-based Approximate Unfolding](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/citations;jsessionid=F0D09A899485D01910779A7B92DD1C0D?doi=10.1.1.112.9289), Siggraph 2004 ![Mesh piecewise approximation](meshes.png) ### Least-Square Surface Approximation * [Approximation by ruled surfaces](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037704279800212X) * [Flank Milling Surface Design with the Least Square Approach](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.148.6262&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf) 1. Sample points on surface 2. Approximate points using LS by parameterizing it as a B-spline ### Envelope Fitting ![Conical envelope](conenv.png) * [Automatic fitting of conical envelopes to free-form surfaces for flank CNC machining](https://www.dmg.tuwien.ac.at/geom/ig/publications/conenv/conenv.pdf), 2017 * [Towards efficient 5-axis flank CNC machining of free-form surfaces via fitting envelopes of surfaces of revolution](https://www.dmg.tuwien.ac.at/geom/ig/publications/2016/flankmachining2016/flankmachining2016.pdf), 2016 ### Ruled Surfaces in CAD ![Example of propeller designed with ruled surfaces](propeller.jpg) * [Computer aided manufacturing technologies for centrifugal compressor impellers](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924013601008287), Journal of Materials Processing Technology 2001