[MAS.865](../..) > [Scanning Processes](..) > Photogrammetry
## Photogrammetry
[Photogrammetry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photogrammetry) is the science of making measurements from photographs.
### Basics
Types of 3D reconstructions, Shape from X where X is
* Shape from Motion, also known as Structured from motion (SfM)
* Shape from Shading,
* Shape from Texture
* Shape from Focus/Defocus
* Shape from Specularity
* Shape from Shadows
* ...
See these overviews:
* [CVG @ ETHZ](http://www.cvg.ethz.ch/teaching/2012spring/3dphoto/Slides/3dphoto12_shapeFromX.pdf)
* 6.869 @ MIT
* [Image formation](http://6.869.csail.mit.edu/fa13/lectures/lecture10imageformation.pdf)
* [Shape from X](http://6.869.csail.mit.edu/fa13/lectures/lecture11shapefromX.pdf)
### Structure from Motion
Stereo (two views):


* Epipolar geometry
* Feature matching
Multiview (N views):

* [Phototourism](http://phototour.cs.washington.edu/)
* [Video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IgBQCoEfiMs)
* Bundle Adjustment (simultaneous geometry and camera refinement in SfM)
* [Bill Triggs, Philip McLauchlan, Richard Hartley and Andrew Fitzgibbon](http://lear.inrialpes.fr/pubs/2000/TMHF00/Triggs-va99.pdf)
* [Bundler: SfM for Unordered Image Collections](http://www.cs.cornell.edu/~snavely/bundler/)
* [BigSFM](http://www.cs.cornell.edu/projects/bigsfm/)
* Building Rome in a Day
* Hyperlapse
* [First-Person Hyperlapse](https://blogs.microsoft.com/ai/hyperlapse-siggraph-2014/)
* [Visual Structured from Motion](http://ccwu.me/vsfm/)
* [Towards Internet-scale Multi-view Stereo](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/towards-internet-scale-multi-view-stereo/), CVPR 2010
* [Pix4D](https://pix4d.com/)
### Shape from Shading


* [Shape from Shading: A Method for Obtaining the Shape of a Smooth Opaque Object From One View](http://people.csail.mit.edu/bkph/AIM/AITR-232-OPT.pdf), Horn, 1970
* Assumes Lambertian surface apperance model
* Integration of normals from shading
* [Slides](http://thaines.com/content/research/sfs_pres.pdf) from Tom Haines, 2012
* [Assumed Light Direction for Perceiving Shape from Shading](http://vis.berkeley.edu/papers/assumedlighting/), O'Shea, Banks and Agrawala, APGV 2008
* Recently done with Deep CNNs
* [Designing Deep Networks for Surface Normal Estimation](http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~xiaolonw/papers/deep3d.pdf)
#### Intrinsic images: decomposing shading and reflectance.


* [Papers / UCBerkeley](https://www2.eecs.berkeley.edu/Research/Projects/CS/vision/reconstruction/)
* [Intrinsic Images in the Wild](http://opensurfaces.cs.cornell.edu/intrinsic/)
* [Ground truth dataset and baseline evaluations for intrinsic image algorithms](http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~rgrosse/intrinsic/), Grosse, Johnson, Adelson and Freeman, ICCV 2009
#### From Specularities:


* [Depth Estimation for Glossy Surfaces with LF Cameras](https://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~ravir/l4cv.pdf), Tao et al., ECCV 2014
* [Shape from Specular Flow](https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5499479/), Adato et al., TPAMI 2010
* [Secular reflections and the perception of shape](http://persci.mit.edu/pub_pdfs/Fleming_jov-4-9-10.pdf), Fleming, Torralba and Adelson, Journal of Vision 2004
### Shape from Texture

* [Examples](http://6.869.csail.mit.edu/fa13/lectures/lecture11shapefromX.pdf#page=89)
* [Shape from Texture, J. Aloimonos 1988](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00363944)
* Texton, as the "putative units of pre-attentive human texture perception"
* [Textons, the elements of texture preception, and their interaction](https://www.nature.com/articles/290091a0), Bela Julesz, Nature 1981
### Shape from Focus / Defocus

* [Shape from Focus System](http://graphics.stanford.edu/courses/cs348b-06/homework3/Nayar_CVPR92.pdf), Shree K. Nayar, CVPR 1992
* [Shape from Focus](https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=628640), Nayar and Nakagawa, TPAMI 1994
* [Depth from Shading, Defocus, and Correspondence Using Light-Field Angular Coherence](https://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~ravir/cvpr_shading.pdf), Tao et al., CVPR 2015
* [Depth from Semi-calibrated stereo and defocus](https://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~ravir/semistereo.pdf), Wang et al., CVPR 2016
### Shape from Shadows

* [Shape From Shadows](https://scholar.harvard.edu/pcavanagh/publications/shape-shadows), Cavanagh and Leclerc, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1989
* [On 3D surface reconstruction using shape from shadows](https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/698646/), Daum and Dudek, CVPR 1998
### Miscellaneous
* https://www.myminifactory.com/category/scan-the-world
* https://www.artmyn.com/