< > Motion
## Motors and Actuators
### Levels of Abstraction
- **Materials:** [McMaster-Carr](http://www.mcmaster.com), [Amazing Magnets](https://www.amazingmagnets.com/),[KJ Magnetics](https://www.kjmagnetics.com/), [BJA Magnetics](http://www.bjamagnetics.com/), [Dynalloy](https://www.dynalloy.com/), [Polaris Laser Laminations](http://www.polarislaserlaminations.com/), [Scientific Alloys](http://scientificalloys.net/), [Sigma-Aldrich](https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/)
- **Actuators:** [Automation Direct](https://www.automationdirect.com/), [Digi-Key](http://www.digikey.com), [Mouser](http://www.mouser.com), [Adafruit](http://www.adafruit.com)
- **Motors:** [Maxon](https://www.maxongroup.us/), [Pittman](https://www.haydonkerkpittman.com/), [Bodine](http://bodinedirect.com), [Automation Direct](https://www.automationdirect.com/)
- **Motion Stages:** [Zaber](http://www.zaber.com), [Aerotech](https://www.aerotech.com/product-catalog/stages.aspx), [Dover](https://dovermotion.com/products/linear-stages/),[Newport](https://www.newport.com/c/motorized-linear-stages), [PI](https://www.pi-usa.us/en/products/positioning-stages-linear-rotary-motorized-precision/precision-motorized-linear-stages/), [THK](https://www.thk.com/?q=eng/node/13127)
- **Robots**: [Universal](https://www.universal-robots.com/), [Kuka](https://www.kuka.com/en-us), [Igus](https://www.igus.com/info/gantry-robots)
- **Machines**
- **Any:** [ebay](http://www.ebay.com), [Alibaba](http://www.alibaba.com), [Amazon](http://www.amazon.com)
### Scaling Laws
- [Ashby's paper characetrizing basic building blocks for actuation.](papers/ashby-actuators.pdf)
- [An update](papers/new-materials-for-micro-a-review.pdf), see Magnetic Shape Memory Alloys
### By Type
#### Rotary Actuators
- [Brushless Motors](brushless/index.html)
- [Stepper Motors](steppers/index.html)
- [Variable Reluctance](variable_reluctance/index.html)
- [Servo](servo/index.html)
- [Electropermanent](electropermanent/index.html)
- [Turbines](turbines/index.html)
#### Linear Actuators
- [Linear Motor](linear/index.html)
- [Sawyer Motors](sawyer/index.html)
- [Voice Coil Actuator](voiceCoil/index.html)
- Humble Solenoid?
#### Fluidic
- [Pneumatic](pneumatic/index.html)
- [Hydraulic](hydraulic/index.html)
- [Soft](soft/index.html)
#### Solid State Actuation
- [Piezoelectric](piezoelectric/index.html)
- [Dielectric](dielectric/index.html)
- [Thermal](thermal/index.html)
#### Mechanisms
- [Jamming](jamming/index.html)
### Sizing / Selection
- Motor datasheet
- Kv, bus voltage and RPM
- Torque
- work an example to calculate whether a particular motor is suitable for a particular application, by reading its specs.
### Simulation
- Motorsolve
- COMSOL
### Motor Design and Analysis Resources
- [6.641](https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-641-electromagnetic-fields-forces-and-motion-spring-2009/)
### Trends
- Blurring line between Reluctance and PM motors: The interior permanent magnet motor make use of both magnetic and reluctance torque to maximize power density without field weakening.
- [Benchmarking EV and HEV Technologies, Tim Burress, ORNL](https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/06/f32/edt006_burress_2016_o_web.pdf)
- [Enabling Technologies for Compact Integrated Electric Drives for Automotive Traction Applications](https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1559596)
- [An Overview of Electric Machine Trends in Modern Electric Vehicles](https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/8/2/20/htm)
- Simpler motors with more complex controllers can achieve remarkable performance. Switched reluctance long thought inherently limited (especially relative to synchronous reluctance), but experiencing a resurgence.
- [Turntide Technologies Raises $80M](https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/turntide-technologies-raises-80m-with-investments-from-breakthrough-energy-ventures-and-robert-downey-jrs-footprint-coalition-ventures-301239351.html&sa=D&source=hangouts&ust=1614891824272000&usg=AFQjCNE0_5up4IrpsSQXGeILf5sluVJW4A)
- [Turntide Motors (formerly Software Motor Company)](https://turntide.com/)
- New excitement about electrostatics in low speed applications for high torque and high efficiency.
- [C-Motive](https://www.c-motive.com/)
- [Design Concepts for a Fluid-Filled Three-Phase Axial-Peg-Style Electrostatic Rotating Machine Utilizing Variable Elastance](https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7378974)
- [Dielectric liquids for enhanced field force in macro scale direct drive electrostatic actuators and rotating machinery](https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7556463)
- Ironless motors for low intertia / fast reponse time applications
- [ThinGap](https://www.thingap.com/)
- Interwinding cooling increases power density.
- [Thermal Management of High-Power Density Electric Motors for Electrification of Aviation and Beyond](https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/19/3594/htm)
- 3D printed windings are going mainstream in high-performance applications
- [H3X claims it's tripled the power density of electric aircraft motors](https://newatlas.com/aircraft/h3x-electric-aircraft-motor-power-density)
- [Additive Drives](https://www.additive-drives.de/en/)
- 3D printing soft magnetic materials shows promise
- [Binder jet additive manufacturing method to fabricate near net shape crack-free highly dense Fe-6.5 wt.% Si soft magnets](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844019364643#fig2)
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