< > [subtractive](index.html)
### Surface grinding
[TimeSaver](https://www.timesaversinc.com/solutions/metal-solutions)
* burr removal
* makes parts flat and parallel
* feed through, vacuum bed, magnetic bed, or friction matt
__Critical process for precision in manufacturing of many machine compononents__
* Linear guides: [Video of rail grinding](https://youtu.be/vupaijhAfFU?t=28) and [history](https://www.thk.com/?q=sg/node/2763)
* Tungsten carbide milling bits: [Video of milling bit manufacturing](https://youtu.be/rXA4x5Cjfg8?t=1372)
* Spindle shafts: [Video of air spindle shaft grinding](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HoI_bvPod_E)
* Gage blocks, surface plates and other inspection tools: [Video of DIY gage block making](https://youtu.be/PBAQMJEjO9o?t=1143)
_So far, we are unaware of a serious attempt at a DIY cutter grinder. But as a start, here is a [collection of ideas from CNC Cookbook](https://www.cnccookbook.com/diy-tool-and-cutter-grinder-idea-notebook/)._
### Burnishing
* Plastically deforming a part via squishing to make a surface finish without removing any material (this isn't grinding)
* Roller burnishing head that can go into [CNC machines](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CO0iZjnYsCI)
### Waterjet cutting
Waterjets cut with an extremely high-pressure jet of water, or a mixture of water and an abrasive substance (called garnet). Waterjet cutting is preferred especially for materials that are sensitive to high temperatures.
<img src ='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Water_jet_cutter_head.svg/800px-Water_jet_cutter_head.svg.png' alt = 'waterjet diagram' width = '200'>
_A diagram of a water jet cutter. #1: high-pressure water inlet. #2: jewel (ruby or diamond). #3: abrasive (garnet). #4: mixing tube. #5: guard. #6: cutting water jet. #7: cut material. Image from [Zureks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_jet_cutter#/media/File:Water_jet_cutter_head.svg)_
[Desktop - Wazer](https://www.wazer.com/)
[Omax - ProtoMax](https://protomax.com/?utm_source=omax-quality-ed-light-commercial-application&keyword_session_id=vt~adwords|kt~personal%20waterjet|mt~p|ta~245694010010&_vsrefdom=wordstream&gclid=EAIaIQobChMIsrLh59HB2gIVWksNCh1ylwiyEAAYASAAEgL18PD_BwE)
[5-axis waterjet](https://wardjet.com/products/waterjet/accessories/5-axis?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIjqX91dDB2gIVBEwNCh38BAXDEAAYASAAEgKOUfD_BwE)
[Zahner Metals](https://www.azahner.com/services/fabrication/): large-scale waterjet cutting (and other big machines)
#### Micro-waterjet cutting
[OMAX micro machining](https://www.omax.com/omax-waterjet/micromax)
* can cut lots of materials
* new and improved taper free cutting
* new and improved precision +/- 0.0001"
[OMAX micromax](https://www.omax.com/omax-waterjet/micromax)
<blockquote>"capable of a positioning accuracy of less than five microns while retaining all the advantages of abrasive waterjet machining"</blockquote>
<iframe width="900" height="600" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Lg__B6Ca3jc" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
### Wildcard
<iframe title="vimeo-player" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/304389466" width="900" height="600" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
[Adaptive Robotic Carving](https://www.giuliobrugnaro.com/work/adaptive-robotic-carving), Giulio Brugnaro
<iframe width="900" height="600" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ix68oRfI5Gw" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
[Sun Cutter](https://www.greenprophet.com/2013/03/sun-cutter-low-tech-laser-cutter-powered-entirely-by-sun/)
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