Directed Energy Deposition

"Laser Engineered Net Shaping", "Directed light fabrication", "Direct Metal Deposition"

DED consists of nozzle mounted on mutli-axis arms which deposit melted material onto a specific suface which solidifies. Similar to Material Extrusion but the material is melted and depositied with a laser or electron beam.
https://www.lboro.ac.uk/research/amrg/about/the7categoriesofadditivemanufacturing/directedenergydeposition/#:~:text=Direct%20Energy%20Deposition%20%E2%80%93%20Step%20by%20Step&text=Material%20is%20either%20provided%20in,features%20on%20the%20existing%20object.
Science / Technique
This technique is a combination of material extrusion and powder powder bed fusion while mounted on a 4 or 5-axis machine.
Laser Directed Energy Deposition Machines
Plasma or Arc Directed Energy Deposition Machine
- Energy process is those congruent with like-welding processes
  - Plasma Arc Welding (PAW)
  - Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW)
  - Metal Inert Gas (MiG)
Electron Beam-Based Directed Energy Deposition Machines
Material Type DED
- Powder-based DED
- Wire-based DED
  
  Source: https://www.xometry.com/resources/3d-printing/direct-energy-deposition-ded/

Most welding materials and powders (compatibility with host/build platform)
i.e. Copper, Titanium, Cobalt, Stainless Steel, Aluminum, Nickel, Tin
Example Companies
DMG MORI https://us.dmgmori.com/products/machines/additive-manufacturing/powder-nozzle
Limitations
Low Resolution - looks like a "welded" part.
Expensive machines - starting price in $500,000 + ~$10 per part.