Sustainability

Four pillars: Human, Social, Economic, Environmental
Sustainability and Sustainable development

A model of resource production and consumption to go from linear wasteful economies to restorative and regenerative economies.

Core principles: Reduce, reuse, recycle, recover
Aims: sustainable development, economic prosperity, environmental quality and social equity
Enablers: business models, consumer involvement, government, institutions

Can we cycle valuable metals, polymers, alloys, etc. so that they maintain their quality and continue to be useful beyond the shelf life of individual products?

Can goods of today become the resources of tomorrow?

butterfly diagram
- Technical cycle
  - Reuse (e.g. disassembly and reuse of parts)
  - Physical transformation (e.g., reshaping plastics)
  - Chemical transformation (e.g., depolymerization of plastics, pyrolysis, gasification)
- Biological cycle
  - extraction
  - decomposition
  - regeneration

Circular Design methods

Circular design explanation (Video)

Circular design refers to a strategic approach aimed at developing products and services for the circular economy.

Circular design methods (Ellen Macarthur Foundation)
- understand -> define -> make -> release
  - Understand how to design for circular flows
  - Define clearly the challenge or problem to solve
  - Create or implement a working concept or prototype
  - Release the project and ensure it is useful as long as possible

Understand	Define	Make	Release
circular flows: restorative and regenerative design	Identify circular opportunities	user-focused research research	product journey mapping with longevity in mind
regenerative thinking: local production networks	start small and then scale	circular brainstorming	create an aligned narrative with stakeholders
learning digital systems and processes	build collaborative teams	measure impact within the system	iterate design
inside-out (understand materials that go into products)	develop strategies to engage with stakeholders	Continuous learning: Embed feedback
get inspired from nature	consider business models	understand and breakdown material choices
	create a brand promise	test concepts with rapid prototyping concept

Resource pressure Method: Uses six design parameters to design circular projects. Material required, product lifetime (frequency of replacement), material loss (in manufacturing), primary material content (demand for extracted resources), recyclability/reuse, cascadability (extending material utility)
Circular design frameworks : 5 strategies - (1) circular supplies focused (prioritises biological cycles), (2) resource conservation focused (preventative, minimal resources), (3) cycle focused (design aimed at circulation of materials), (4) long life use focused (design aimed for reuse, repair) and (5) whole systems designs for value creation (innovative solutions combining all other strategies)

FabCity

The Fab City movement has set itself the goal of producing almost everything that is consumed in the city by 2054.

Barcelona commitment: 40 year countdown
PITO (product in thrash out) to DIDO (data in data out)
Fab City
Fab City Full Stack
- The Fab City Full Stack. Credit: Tomas Diez and Zoe Tzika, Fab City Foundation
- Layer 1 - Developing infrastructure and technologies for local production
- Layer 2 - Enabling new forms of learning
- Layer 3 - Incubating value-generating projects
- Layer 4 - Orchestrating efforts between local communities and initiatives
- Layer 5 - Prototyping place-based interventions
- Layer 6 - Applying bioregional strategies
- Layer 7 - Sharing knowledge with global networks
Interfacer
- Interfacer Platform (Video)
- digital product passports
  - EU DPP commission initative
  - Track and tracing
  - Supply chain visibility
  - Full lifecycle monitoring
  - Better compliance
Challenges
- Supply chains
- Indicators
- Measuring flows
  - Material flow analysis

Source

Open Source Hardware

OSHWA
LOSH

Documentation

Design for repair and replicability
Documenting
- DIN SPEC 3105
- Standardised metadata for OSH
- OSH dir std
- Assembly manuals
  - Gitbuilding (Open Flexure Microscope)
  - OSH-autodoc (inspired by Daniele Ingrassia's Fabulaser Mini Manual by Marc Kohlen and Liane Honda)
  - lego
Reusing parts
- part cad
  - partcad
- bd_warehouse
- noscadlib
- ldraw
Read the docs
- static sites

Repairability

Right to repair movement
- Progress (US, EU, Australia)
- Repair.eu

Right to repair landscape in the EU (source: Towards an effective right to repair)

Environmental impact of electronic products (at diffent life cycle stages)
- mining and production of raw materials
- processing, assembly and transport
- use (e.g. lifespan, energy efficiency)
- end-of-life (collection, disposal, recycling)
Active Disassembly: disassembling products into their separate components
- Active disassembly using smart materials (ADSM)
- Use of smart materials in order to change shape or size and facilitate the release of parts.
- Shape memory alloys
- Shape memory polymers
- Active disassembly based on the shape memory effect of polymeric materials (video)
Design for disassembly DFDS (video)
- Fewer parts
- Pure material parts
- Removable batteries and circuits
- Modular design
- Joining methods:
  - Standardised fasteners
  - snap-click
  - press-fit
Dissassembly maps

Disposal methods

Direct reuse (material reuse in existing form)
Recovery (material purified to its original form for reuse)
Recycle (material transformed into another substance)
Fuel Blending (material substituted in place of virgin fuels)
Treatment (Material is neutralised to allow for disposal)
Incineration (Material is safely burned without energy recovery)
Landfill (material is sent to an approved landfill)

Examples of sustainability of waste streams

Waste	Disposal	Opportunity
Ammonium sulfate	Wastewater treatment (*)	fertilizer manufacturing
Metal plating waste	Landfill	Metal recovery
Calcium fluoride	Landfill (*)	Cement
Lithography solvents	Fuel blend (*)	Cyclohexanone recovery
Food Waste	Landfill	Soil conditioner